Inselberg summits adjacent to the Maloti–Drakensberg escarpment occupy an alpine zone within the Drakensberg Alpine Centre (DAC). Inselbergs, the escarpment and surrounding mountains such as Platberg experience a severe climate; inselberg summits are distinct by being protected from human disturbance.
The aim of this article was to describe for the first time the flora of inselberg summits and to assess their potential contribution to conservation of DAC plant diversity.
We investigated whether the flora of inselberg summits formed a representative subset of the DAC flora in terms of shared, especially endemic or near endemic, species and representation of families. All species were listed for six inselbergs between Giant’s Castle and Sentinel, located in the Royal Natal National Park (RNNP) during November 2005. Comparisons, using literature, were made with floras of the DAC, as well as Platberg, an inselberg approximately 60 km north from Sentinel in the RNNP.
We recorded 200 species of pteridophytes and angiosperms on inselbergs, 114 DAC endemics or near endemics, one possible new species, and several range and altitudinal extensions. Asteraceae, Poaceae and Ericaceae comprised 42.1% of endemic and near endemic species, with Scrophulariaceae and Hyacinthaceae contributing 8.8%. Inselberg and DAC floras differed in respective rankings of Crassulaceae (8th vs. > 15th), Polygalaceae, Apiaceae and Rosaceae (10th, 11th, 12th vs. > 15th), Poaceae (2nd vs. 5th), Cyperaceae (3rd vs. 4th) and Scrophulariaceae (6th vs. 2nd). Growth forms on inselbergs were consistent with DAC flora. Inselbergs shared 40% of species with Platberg.
Inselbergs, which supported 7.9% of species occurring in the DAC flora, are well protected from human impact, lack alien plants, but, despite this, are highly vulnerable to climate change. Conservation importance of inselbergs will increase as escarpment vegetation becomes increasingly degraded as a consequence of intensifying land use.
Montane systems across the globe are characterised by pronounced environmental gradients in relation to altitude and in most cases a unique flora adapted to an extreme high altitude environment (Körner
Maintaining biodiversity of montane environments poses a significant challenge in the face of global climate change (Körner
Patterns of land use may pose a greater threat to the maintenance of biodiversity in the short to medium term than the threat posed by climate change. Although the DAC has largely been spared radical transformation such as cultivation or urbanisation, it has become subjected to increasingly heavy use by pastoralists over the past few decades (Quinlan & Morris
Environments within the DAC protected from livestock grazing would potentially be especially important for maintaining the plant diversity of this centre of endemism if the main area of the DAC continues to be subjected to severe livestock grazing. Inselbergs (island mountains; Körner
Within the context of assessing the conservation importance of Drakensberg inselbergs, the main aim of this study was to provide a first description of their plants. Specific objectives were (1) to provide an inventory of the plant richness of inselbergs in terms of species, genera and families, (2) to determine whether richness at any of these levels was equivalent to that of the escarpment portion of the DAC, (3) to examine specifically the difference between inselbergs and the escarpment in terms of invasive alien plants, endemics and near endemic species and (4) to identify which growth forms were apparently well adapted to the inselberg summit environment.
The study area is described in detail in a companion paper dealing with the phytosociology of the same inselberg summits (Brand et al.
According to international nomenclature (Körner, Paulsen & Spehn
An inselberg was suitable if it had a sufficiently large summit plateau for sampling of vegetation. Using topocadastral maps, 11 potential inselbergs spread 60 km from the northern to central Drakensberg, KwaZulu-Natal, were selected, of which the six that could be sampled were the Sentinel, Eastern Buttress, Inner Horn, Outer Horn, Dragon’s Back and Cathkin Peak (Brand et al.
Voucher plant specimens were prepared according to standard practices (Alexiades
Growth form was assessed using six relevant categories of Körner’s (
The potential conservation value of the Drakensberg inselbergs depends in part on whether the flora they harbour is widely distributed or not. We therefore compared their flora with that of the DAC and the Platberg inselberg to the north. On account of the Drakensberg inselbergs forming part of the DAC, it is expected that they should harbour a subset of species, including endemic and near endemic species, occurring within the DAC, which was examined using the study by Carbutt and Edwards (
Vegetation physiognomy showed little change across the 60 km range of inselbergs from the Sentinel to Cathkin Peak. It was a mix of short to medium height graminoids, cushion-forming dwarf or low to medium height shrubs, with herbaceous species interspersed. The rugged terrain, alpine plant species and life forms are shown in
Photographs of Drakensberg peaks and inselbergs showing alpine plants on their summits. (a) Looking north, with Sentinel in the background on the skyline to the right, the finger-like Devil’s Tooth directly in front, Inner Buttress to the left, with an archipelago of smaller inselbergs and Eastern Buttress (3060 m) to the right. (b) Helicopter view west, of the escarpment with Sentinel in the foreground, the most northerly inselberg (3109 m – 3156 m), habitat for the endemic alpine grasses
Summary of the floral composition of Drakensberg inselberg summits.
Variable | Dicotyledon | Monocotyledon | Pteridophyta | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total species | 129.0 | 66 | 5.0 | 200 |
Percentage of total flora | 64.5 | 33 | 2.5 | 100 |
Total genera | 48.0 | 37 | 5.0 | 90 |
Total families | 25.0 | 16 | 4.0 | 45 |
Endemic species | 48.0 | 13 | 0.0 | 61 |
Near endemic species | 28.0 | 25 | 0.0 | 53 |
Total: endemics and near endemics | 76.0 | 38 | 0.0 | 114 |
Comparison of the 15 best represented angiosperm families by number of species, including endemics and near endemics, on inselbergs, a subset of the Drakensberg Alpine Centre, together with their representation within the broader Drakensberg Alpine Centre.
Families ordered by rank of total species on inselbergs (rank within DAC)1 | Total number of species on inselbergs2 | Total endemics/near endemics on inselbergs | Total percentage of endemics and near endemics on inselbergs | Total species numbers in DAC1 | Percentage of DAC species on inselbergs | Endemics/near endemics in DAC including inselberg species | Percentage of DAC endemics/near endemics on inselbergs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Asteraceae (1) | 55 | 20/18 = 38 | 69.1 | 430 | 12.8 | 103/135 | 19.4/13.3 |
2. Poaceae (5) | 16 | 3/9 = 12 | 75.0 | 267 | 6.0 | 12/27 | 25/33.3 |
3. Cyperaceae (4) | 12 | 0/4 = 4 | 33.3 | 122 | 9.0 | 13/4 | 9.4/3.3 |
4. Ericaceae (5) | 11 | 6/2 = 8 | 72.7 | 35 | 31.4 | 12/12 | 50/16.7 |
5. Scrophulariaceae (2) | 10 | 5/1 = 6 | 60.0 | 133 | 7.5 | 37/44 | 13.5/2.3 |
6. Iridaceae (3) | 10 | 3/3 = 6 | 60.0 | 97 | 10.3 | 23/3 | 23.7/0.3 |
7. Hyacinthaceae (7) | 10 | 4/0 = 4 | 40.0 | 55 | 18.2 | 4/n/a | 13.8/0 |
8. Crassulaceae (>15) | 6 | 1/1 = 2 | 33.3 | 34 | 17.6 | 1/8 | 2.9/23.5 |
9. Fabaceae (7) | 4 | 0/1 = 1 | 25.0 | 136 | 0.7 | 8/33 | 0/3.0 |
10. Polygalaceae (>15) | 4 | 1/0 = 1 | 25.0 | n/a | n/a ≤ 100% | 1/0 | 100/0 |
11. Apiaceae (>15) | 4 | 1/1 = 2 | 50.0 | 38 | 10.5 | 5/11 | 20.0/9.1 |
12. Rosaceae (>15) | 4 | 1/1 = 2 | 50.0 | n/a | n/a | ≥ 1/1 | 25/25 |
13. Orchidaceae (6) | 3 | 1/2 = 3 | 100.0 | 130 | 2.3 | 11/41 | 9.1/4.9 |
14. Asphodelaceae (≥ 2%) | 3 | 0/3 = 3 | 100.0 | ≥ 13 | ≥ 23 | ≥ 0/13 | 0/23.1 |
15.Thymelaeaceae (8) | 3 | 1/1 = 2 | 66.7 | ≥ 10 | 30 | 7/3 | 14.3/33.3 |
Total number of species on inselbergs source:
DAC, Drakensberg Alpine Centre.
n/a, not available for the DAC below the alpine zone. Only known from the inselbergs (Carbutt & Edwards
Red Data status of all except six species was Least Concern, the exceptions being
Composition of the inselberg flora in terms of growth form is summarised in
Representation of growth forms within inselberg vegetation.
Growth form | Taxon | Number of families | Number of species | Percentage of total species |
---|---|---|---|---|
Geophyte | Pteridophyta | 4 | 5 | 2.5 |
Geophyte | Monocotyledonae | 13 | 35 | 17.5 |
Hemicryptophytes | Monocotyledonae | 3 | 29 | 14.5 |
Phanerophytes | Dicotyledonae | 3 | 4 | 2.0 |
Chamaephytes | Dicotyledonae | 22 | 127 | 63.5 |
Distinct wetland vegetation associated with numerous seasonal pools and seeps supported a number of endemic or near endemic species of OBW, FACW or FAC plant species (
The inselberg flora of 200 species was not a simple subset of the DAC flora of 2520 species as seen by differences in the rank order of families by number of species (
At the genus level, the endemic
Of the 61 endemic and 53 near endemic species recorded on inselbergs,
Platberg, with 100-fold greater area than the combined area of six inselberg summits, supported 649 species compared with the 200 species recorded on inselbergs, of which 80 species (40% of the inselberg flora) were shared (
A floristic comparison of the Drakensberg Alpine Centre inselbergs with Platberg.
Locality | DAC inselbergs | Platberg |
---|---|---|
Percentage endemism | 30.0 | 3.0 |
Altitude (m) | 3012–3166 | 2394 |
Number of DAC endemic or near endemic species | 61 | 24 |
Number of families | 45 | 95 |
Number of genera | 90 | 304 |
Number of species | 200 | 669 |
1. Asteraceae 27.5% (14, 55) | 1. Asteraceae 18.8% (40, 126) | |
2. Poaceae 8.0% (10, 16) | 2. Poaceae 10.9% (39, 73) | |
3. Cyperaceae 6.0% (5, 12) | 3. Cyperaceae 5.8% (18, 39) | |
4. Ericaceae 5.5% (1, 11) | 4. Fabaceae 4.9% (13, 33) | |
5. Scrophulariaceae 5.0% (7, 10) | 5. Scrophulariaceae 4.0% (13, 27) | |
6. Hyacinthaceae 5.0% (6, 10) | 6. Hyacinthaceae 3.1% (10, 21) | |
7. Iridaceae 5.0% (4, 10) | 7. Iridaceae 2.5% (6, 17) | |
8. Crassulaceae 3.0% (1, 6) | 8. Orchidaceae 2.4% (8, 16) | |
9. Fabaceae 2.0% (2, 4) | 9. Crassulaceae 1.9% (3, 13) | |
10. Polygalaceae 2.0% (2, 4) | 10. Geraniaceae 1.8% (3, 12) | |
11. Apiaceae 2.0% (1, 4) | 11. Thymelaeaceae 1.8% (3, 12) | |
12. Rosaceae 2.0% (1, 4) | 12. Lobeliaceae 1.8% (3, 12) | |
13.Orchidaceae 1.5% (2, 3) | 13. Asphodelaceae 1.8% (3, 12) | |
14. Asphodelaceae 1.5% (1, 3) | 14. Apocynaceae 1.5% (6, 10) | |
15.Thymelaeaceae 1.5% (2, 3) | 15. Campanulaceae 1.5% (2, 10) |
Note: Each column below the summary data presents the 15 families that contribute the greatest number of species of that locality in rank order. Content per cell of the table: rank, family, percentage of total number of species and, in parentheses, number of genera and number of species.
Inselbergs supported a small proportion of the plant diversity found in the DAC, but they supported a large proportion of high altitude endemic and near endemic species (
Inselbergs and the escarpment portion of the DAC differ markedly in terms of exposure to the threats of land use, climate change, alien vegetation and resource extraction by humans. Sustained, severe grazing by livestock is the most important contemporary threat to DAC flora on the escarpment plateau (Nüsser
Climate change is an impending threat against which inselbergs are poorly protected compared with the escarpment owing to differences in topography. Changes in temperature regime are expected to exert a strong impact on plant distribution in the general region (Jewitt et al.
Uncertainty exists about likely changes in rainfall of this region resulting from climate change (Engelbrecht, McGregor & Engelbrecht
The potential contribution of Drakensberg inselbergs to conservation of DAC flora will be aided to some degree by other nearby inselbergs such as Platberg. Although 60 km distant, at lower elevation and with differing vegetation, Platberg nonetheless shared a proportion of Drakensberg inselberg species (
Inselbergs supported a preponderance of chamaephytes, geophytes and hemicryptophytes, a paucity of phanerophytes, while therophytes were absent (
Plant growth form and vegetation structure of alpine regions is commonly ascribed to the temperature regime of the coldest period (Hedberg
Growth habit contributes to graminoid species meeting the demands of a high altitude climate (Gibbs-Russell et al.
Water balance may become critical for evergreen plants receiving seasonal precipitation, especially as water availability may be further interrupted by soil freezing (Tranquillini
Thick roots capable of withstanding the shearing forces exerted by frost heaving of soils (Körner
The significance of this study lies in documenting the unique, intact alpine flora found on inselbergs and their value for biodiversity conservation. The majority of the alpine belt of the DAC lies in Lesotho, which has poor rangeland management and only one small protected area. The inselbergs are located in South Africa and are statutorily protected as part of the Maloti–Drakensberg Park World Heritage site. The inselbergs are detached from the main escarpment, which makes them inaccessible to livestock impacts of grazing, trampling and erosion, harvesting and frequent fire. The inselbergs protect a near-pristine flora and provide a benchmark for alpine plants, vegetation and habitat with no evidence of invasive alien plant species. The conservation value of all the inselbergs represents sites of unique potential for future conservation management and assessment of climate change and other anthropogenic transformation. Outside of the Drakensberg, other inselbergs are not yet formally recognised as sites requiring protection under conservation legislation. The Free State Department of Environmental Affairs is currently in the process of including inselbergs in its biodiversity strategy – the first step in providing formal status for statutory conservation management and protection. An integrated national approach toward the protection of inselbergs should be the desired outcome.
We thank the Maloti Drakensberg Transfrontier Project staff, especially R. Lechmere-Oertel, for logistical support; J. du Preez and R. Lechmere-Oertel for contributing to the plant collection; and R. Jansen and D. Jewitt for comment on a preliminary draft.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests with regard to the writing of this article.
R.F.B. was the principal investigator and the first author, obtained the National Geographic Grant, organised the collaborators, field and herbarium collection and identified the plant material. C.R.S.-S. assisted with field identification and collection of plants, herbarium curation, production of vouchers, including the labels. T.G.O. performed extensive revision of the manuscript, the addition of supporting references and critical comments of key concepts including fire, grazing and conservation value of inselberg flora.
The fieldwork for the study was funded by the National Geographic Committee for Research and Exploration (grant no. 7920-05).
List of species recorded on inselberg summits of the Drakensberg are arranged according to the Englerian system, and includes notes on species distribution, endemic status and specimen details. Nomenclature was checked against the South African National Biodiversity Institute site (
Abbreviations for distribution: DAC, Drakensburg Alpine Centre; EMR, Eastern Mountain Region (Pooley
Growth form is only indicated for a family except where genus or species differ (e.g. Rosaceae: 3 Ch, 1 Ph). Key to growth form: Ch, chamaephytes (dwarf shrubs, thorny cushions, buds close to the ground); G, geophytes (bulbs, rhizomes or tubers, below soil surface); H, hemicryptophytes (perennial herbs and graminoids, buds at the surface of the ground); Ph, phanerophytes (shrubs, 2 m or less).
Abbreviations for collectors: B, Brand; L-O, Lechmere-Oertel; S-S, Scott-Shaw. Only plants that were collected and vouchered have a collector’s number (e.g. S-S, B & L-O 14237). No vouchers were collected for widespread or common species, which were identified in the field, and accordingly the right-hand column remains blank.
Pteridophyta – Four families, five genera, five species, zero endemics or near endemics.
Family plus no. genera and no. species; list of species | Notes; altitude, endemicity, range | References, Voucher specimen in Killick Herbarium (CPF) or record ID, growth form (blank = no voucher collected) |
---|---|---|
ANEMIACEAE 1,1 | G | |
Afromontane, Platberg to Kenya | Germishuizen et al. ( |
|
ASPLENIACEAE 1, 1 | G | |
Alt. 2700 m | Pooley ( |
|
LYCOPODIACEAE 1,1 | G | |
Afromontane, prev. alt. 2590 m – 2800 m | S-S, B & L-O 14306/14336 | |
PTERIDACEAE 2, 2 | G | |
SA end., Platberg, prev. alt. 1900 m – 2700 m | Pooley ( |
|
Platberg, prev. alt. 2100 m – 2700 m | Pooley ( |
Angiosperms – Monocotyledons, 16 Families, 37 Genera, 66 Species, 13 endemics, 25 near endemics = 38.
Family plus no. genera and no. species; list of species | Notes; altitude, endemicity, range | References, Voucher specimen in Killick Herbarium (CPF) or record ID, growth form (blank = no voucher collected) |
---|---|---|
AGAPANTHACEAE 1, 1 | 1 nr-end. | G |
DAC nr-end. | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
ALLIACEAE 1, 1 | G | |
Widespread | S-S, B & L-O 14318 | |
AMARYLLIDACEAE 1, 1 | 1 nr-end. | G |
9 DAC spp., 1 nr-end. | S-S, B & L-O 14297/14298/14316 | |
APONOGETONACEAE 1, 2 | 1 end. | G |
Hydrophyte, Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14349 | |
DAC end., hydrophyte | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
ASPHODELACEAE 1, 3 | 2 nr-end. | G |
DAC nr-end., Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14347/14348 | |
DAC nr-end., Platberg | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
SA montane end, prev. alt. 2225 m | S-S, B & L-O 14346 | |
COLCHICACEAE 1, 1 | 1 nr-end. | G |
DAC nr-end. | S-S, B & L-O 14197 | |
CYPERACEAE 5, 12 | 4 nr-end. | H |
Platberg | Brand et al. ( |
|
None | ||
None | ||
DAC nr-end. | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
DAC nr-end. | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
Platberg | Brand et al. ( |
|
DAC nr-end., Platberg | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
Drakensberg, alt. 2000 m | S-S, B & L-O 14280 | |
Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14281 | |
DAC nr-end. | S-S, B & L-O 14237/14284 | |
None | S-S, B & L-O 14236/14302/14283 | |
None | ||
ERIOSPERMACEAE 1, 1 | 1 nr-end. | G |
DAC nr-end., Platberg | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
HYACINTHACEAE 6, 10 | 4 end. | G |
DAC end., Platberg | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
Widespread | ||
DAC end. | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
Widespread | S-S, B & L-O 14317 | |
DAC end., Platberg | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
Platberg | Brand et al. ( |
|
Platberg | Brand et al. ( |
|
None | ||
None | S-S, B & L-O 14252/14256/14258 | |
DAC end. | S-S, B & L-O 14243 | |
HYPOXIDACEAE 1, 2 | 1 end., 1 nr-end. | G |
DAC nr-end., Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14257/14367 | |
DAC end. | S-S, B & L-O 14194/14259 | |
IRIDACEAE 4, 10 | 3 end., 3 nr-end. | G |
DAC nr-end. | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14195/14253 | |
Platberg | ||
Platberg | ||
KZN, L, EC. | S-S, B & L-O 14293 | |
DAC end. | Pooley ( |
|
DAC end. | S-S 14271 | |
DAC nr-end., Platberg | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
DAC end. | B & L-O 239578/239580/239587 | |
DAC nr-end. | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
JUNCACEAE 1.1 | None | H |
Widespread, Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14322 | |
ORCHIDACEAE 2, 3 | 1 end., 2 nr-end. | G |
DAC nr-end. | S-S, B & L-O 14292 | |
DAC end. | S-S, B & L-O 14196/14355/14366/14368 | |
DAC nr-end., Platberg | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
POACEAE 9, 16 | 3 end., 9 nr-end. | H |
DAC end., hydrophyte | Gibbs-Russell et al. ( |
|
Afromontane, nr-end.? Platberg, Cave Sandstone seeps, C4 | Gibbs-Russell et al. ( |
|
Afromontane, Platberg | Gibbs-Russell et al. ( |
|
DAC nr-end., Afromontane | Gibbs-Russell et al. ( |
|
SA end. | Germishuizen et al. ( |
|
Mountains, monotypic SA genus | Germishuizen et al. ( |
|
DAC nr-end., alpine bog, distinct Drakensberg form | Ellis ( |
|
DAC nr-end., Platberg, M | Gibbs-Russell et al. ( |
|
DAC nr-end., Platberg | Gibbs-Russell et al. ( |
|
DAC end., Afromontane, Platberg | Ellis ( |
|
DAC nr-end., Afromontane | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
Afromontane, DAC nr-end. | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
Afromontane, DAC end. | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
Afromontane, DAC nr-end. | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
DAC nr-end., monotypic genus, N, EC, L, B, C4 | Gibbs-Russell et al. ( |
|
DAC nr-end., Afromontane, monotypic genus, hydrophyte, distinct Drakensberg variety | Gibbs-Russell et al. ( |
|
POTAMOGETONACEAE 1, 1 | Widespread | G |
Platberg | ||
VELLOZIACEAE 1,1 | Ch | |
Widespread, prev. alt. 1800 m | S-S, B & L-O 14303 | |
DICOTYLEDONS |
||
Family plus no. genera and no. species; list of species | Notes; altitude, endemicity, range | References, Voucher specimen in Killick Herbarium (CPF) or record ID, growth form (blank = no voucher collected) |
ACHARIACEAE 1, 1 | 1 nr- end. | Ch |
DAC nr-end., Monotypic genus | S-S, B & L-O 14313 | |
APIACEAE 1, 4 | 1 end., 1 nr-end. | Ch |
Widespread, Platberg | ||
Widespread | S-S, B & L-O 14294 | |
DAC nr-end. | S-S, B & L-O 14254/14255 | |
DAC end., Platberg | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
ASTERACEAE 14, 55 | 20 end. (1 new species), 18 nr-end. | Ch with 1 Ph |
Widespread, Platberg | ||
Alt. 460 m–1548 m, N, NC, WC, EC, widespread | S-S, B & L-O 14199 | |
Widespread, Platberg | ||
EMR, DAC end. | Pooley ( |
|
DAC nr-end., Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14295 | |
Widespread, Platberg | ||
Widespread, Platberg | ||
DAC nr-end., Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14206/14359 | |
DAC end. | S-S, B & L-O 14285 | |
DAC end. | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
DAC end. | S-S, B & L-O 14288 | |
DAC nr-end. | S-S, B & L-O 14204/14272/14310 | |
DAC end. | Pooley ( |
|
Widespread, Platberg | ||
Widespread, Platberg | ||
Alt. extension, EC, max. 1675 m | Germishuizen et al. ( |
|
DAC nr-end., alt. extension, WC, EC, KZN, FS, L | S-S, B & L-O 14266/14357 | |
DAC end., KZN >2000 m, Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14210/14260/14261/14262/14358 | |
DAC nr-end., KZN, EC, L | S-S, B & L-O 14211/14270/14340 | |
DAC end., KZN, L, EC | Pooley ( |
|
DAC nr-end., Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14212/14209/14263 | |
DAC end. | S-S, B & L-O 14266 | |
DAC end. | S-S, B & L-O 14216 | |
DAC nr-end., M, FS, KZN, L | S-S, B & L-O 14264/14356 | |
DAC nr-end., KZN, L, EC | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
DAC nr-end., EC, L | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
DAC end. | S-S, B & L-O 14267/14341 | |
DAC nr-end., FS, KZN, L, EC | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
DAC nr-end., M, S, FS, KZN, EC | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
DAC nr-end., FS, KZN, L, EC | S-S, B & L-O 14214/14215 | |
DAC end. | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
SA montane, widespread | Germishuizen et al. ( |
|
DAC end. | S-S, B & L-O 14265 | |
DAC end. | S-S, B & L-O 14269 | |
SA montane, Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14342 | |
DAC nr-end., Platberg, M, FS, KZN, L | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
DAC nr-end., KZN, EC, L | Ph. S-S, B & L-O 14213 | |
DAC end., Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14201/14312/14289 | |
DAC nr-end. | Mt. Currie, Griqualand, 10-01-2010, Bergh (NBG) | |
DAC end. | S-S, B & L-O 14301 | |
Widespread | ||
DAC nr-end. | S-S, B & L-O 14306 | |
DAC end. | S-S, B & L-O 14203/14273 | |
Widespread | ||
DAC nr-end., Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14205/14276/14311/14360/14361 | |
Widespread, Platberg | Brand et al. ( |
|
DAC end. | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
DAC end., KZN, alt. 1800–2165m | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
Widespread | ||
Widespread | S-S, B & L-O 14320 | |
Outer Horn, undescribed DAC end. | S-S, B & L-O 14363 | |
DAC end., KZN, L, EC | S-S, B & L-O 14275 | |
Drakensberg, alt. 2745 m | S-S, B & L-O 14290 | |
DAC nr-end., high altitude form, SA montane, Platberg | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
SA montane, LIM, M, S, KZN, EC | S-S, B & L-O 14287 | |
BRASSICACEAE 1, 2 | 1 end. | Ch |
DAC end. | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
Widespread, Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14193/14291/14296 | |
CAMPANULACEAE 1, 1 | 1 nr-end. | Ch |
DAC nr-end., Montane genus, Platberg | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
CARYOPHYLLACEAE 2, 2 | Cosmopolitan | Ch |
Widespread, Platberg | ||
Genus mostly northern hemisphere, Platberg | Pooley ( |
|
CRASSULACEAE 1, 6 | 1 end., 1 nr-end., succulents | Ch |
WC, alt. 200 m–1400 m, range extension? | Germishuizen et al. ( |
|
Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14248/14321 | |
DAC nr-end., FS, EC, L, KZN, alt. 1000 m–3200 m | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
Widespread, Platberg | ||
Widespread, Platberg | ||
Possible end., Platberg, FS, KZN, L, and M, alt. 1200 m–3000 m | Germishuizen et al. ( |
|
DIPSACEAE 1, 1 | No end. | Ch |
Widespread, Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14307 | |
ERICACEAE 1, 11 | 6 end., 2 nr-end., all 11 montane species | Ch |
DAC end. | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
DAC nr-end., Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14337 | |
DAC nr-end., Platberg, E Cape to M, Afromontane | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
DAC end. | B & L-O 239583 | |
DAC end. | S-S, B & L-O 14207/14208/14228 | |
DAC end. | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
DAC end. | S-S, B & L-O 14218/14219/14364 | |
Not end. to SA | S-S, B & L-O 14328/9/30/31 | |
E Cape to M, Afromontane, Platberg | Germishuizen et al. ( |
|
E Cape to M, Afromontane | B & L-O 239573/239582 | |
DAC end., Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14220/14338 | |
EUPHORBIACEAE 1,1 | 1 end. | Ch |
DAC end., Platberg, EC, KZN, L. | S-S 14299; Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
FABACEAE 2, 4 | 1 nr-end. | Ch |
Widespread, Platberg | ||
Widespread | S-S, B & L-O 14230 | |
DAC nr-end., Platberg | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
Widespread and Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14334 | |
GENTIANACEAE 1, 3 | 3 end. | Ch |
DAC end., Platberg | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
DAC end. | S-S, B & L-O 14250/14257 | |
DAC end., Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14200/14229/14344/14345 | |
GERANIACEAE 1, 1 | 1 nr-end. | Ch |
DAC nr-end., Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14352 | |
LOBELIACEAE 1, 1 | Widespread, no end. | Ch |
Platberg | ||
AIZOACEAE 1, 2 | 1 end., succulents, | Ch |
DAC end. | S-S, B & L-O 14300 | |
Widespread | ||
MOLLUGINACEAE 1, 1 | 1 end. | Ch |
DAC end. | S-S, B & L-O 14202/14315 | |
ONAGRACEAE 1, 2 | No end. | Ch |
Widespread, Platberg | ||
Widespread, Platberg | ||
OXALIDACEAE 1, 3 | No end. | Ch |
Widespread, Platberg | ||
Widespread, Platberg | ||
Widespread | ||
POLYGALACEAE 2, 4 | 1 end., both fynbos genera | Ch |
SA Mountains | S-S, B & L-O 14278 | |
EMR end., Afromontane, Platberg | Pooley ( |
|
WC, prev. alt. 1800 m, range extension? | Germishuizen et al. ( |
|
Platberg, prev. alt. 2505 m | Germishuizen et al. ( |
|
ROSACEAE 1, 4 | 1 end., 1 nr-end. | 3 Ch, 1 Ph |
DAC nr-end., Afromontane | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
KZN, EC, WC, alt. 185 m–1586 m | Germishuizen et al. ( |
|
DAC end., KZN, prev. alt. 1525 m | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
Afromontane, Platberg, prev. alt. 2669 m | S-S, B & L-O 14274; B & L-O 239572 |
|
RUBIACEAE 1, 3 | 2 end., Fynbos genus | Ch |
DAC end., KZN, EC | S-S, B & L-O 14305/14343 | |
Mountain species | Pooley ( |
|
DAC end., alt. 2500 m | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
SANTALACEAE 1, 3 | No end., parasitic on forb | Ch |
Platberg, prev. alt. 1500 m | Germishuizen et al. ( |
|
Prev. alt. 1350 m | Germishuizen et al. ( |
|
Widespread, Platberg | Brand et al. ( |
|
SCROPHULARIACEAE 7, 10 | 5 end., 1 nr-end. | Ch |
Highest alt. 2745 m | Germishuizen et al. ( |
|
Widespread | ||
DAC end. | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
DAC end. | B & L-O CPF ID no. 239586 | |
DAC end. | S-S, B & L-O 14286, S-S 14351 | |
Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14249 | |
DAC end. | S-S, B & L-O 14191 | |
Hydrophyte. | Germishuizen et al. ( |
|
Hydrophyte, EMR, DAC end. | Pooley ( |
|
DAC nr-end., Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14190/14247/14277 | |
THYMELAEACEAE 2,3 | 2 end., both fynbos genera | Ch |
DAC end., Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14231 | |
DAC end., alt. 1981 m | Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
Afromontane, Platberg, N, LIM, NW, M, S, FS, KZN, L, EC, alt. 2700 m | S-S, B & L-O 14362; Carbutt & Edwards ( |
|
VALERIANACEAE 1,1 | 1 end. | Ch |
DAC end., Platberg | S-S, B & L-O 14323/4 |