Original Research

A survey and analysis of traditional medicinal plants as used by the Zulu; Xhosa and Sotho

Anne Hutchings
Bothalia | Vol 19, No 1 | a947 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v19i1.947 | © 1989 Anne Hutchings | This work is licensed under CC Attribution 4.0
Submitted: 18 October 1989 | Published: 18 October 1989

About the author(s)

Anne Hutchings, Zulu Folk Medicine Research. Department of Biochemistry. Univer­sity of Zululand, South Africa

Full Text:

PDF (1MB)

Abstract

A coded list of 794 traditional Zulu medicinal plants is presented with a key to the ailments concerned. Xhosa and Sotho usage of these plants is incorporated. Medicinal usage in the ptendophytes, gymnosperms. monocotyledons and dicotyledons is tabulated. Ailments are categorized and discussed with an analysis of the plant families involved in their treatment. Patterns of usage between related plants are observed and some potentially effective or dangerous characteristic family constituents are briefly outlined.


Keywords

ailment; medicinal plants; Sotho; Xhosa; Zulu

Metrics

Total abstract views: 7362
Total article views: 7368

 

Crossref Citations

1. Botanical properties, traditional use, pharmacological activities, and potential therapeutic applications of phytochemicals derived from Cussonia species
Claire Vianey Tchuenguia, Branly-Natalien Nguena-Dongue, Elisabeth Zeuko’o Menkem
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 182  first page: 68  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2025.04.044

2. Plants used for stress-related ailments in traditional Zulu, Xhosa and Sotho medicine. Part 1: Plants used for headaches
Anne Hutchings, Johannes van Staden
Journal of Ethnopharmacology  vol: 43  issue: 2  first page: 89  year: 1994  
doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(94)90008-6

3. Familial orthography: Aloeaceae vs. Aloaceae
Gideon F. Smith
TAXON  vol: 42  issue: 1  first page: 87  year: 1993  
doi: 10.2307/1223308

4. A chronicle of alien medicinal plants used as traditional medicine in South Africa, and their status as invasive species
V.L. Williams, E.M. Wojtasik, M.J. Byrne
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 142  first page: 63  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2021.05.027

5. The effect of cultivation and plant age on the pharmacological activity of Merwilla natalensis bulbs
S.G. Sparg, A.K. Jäger, J. van Staden
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 71  issue: 2  first page: 191  year: 2005  
doi: 10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30132-0

6. Effects of Drying Methods on the Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from Felicia muricata Leaves
A.O.T. Ashafa, D.S. Grierson, A.J. Afolayan
Asian Journal of Plant Sciences  vol: 7  issue: 6  first page: 603  year: 2008  
doi: 10.3923/ajps.2008.603.606

7. Diversity and dynamics of southern African medicinal and ritual plant use
Ancia (S.F.) Cornelius, Ben-Erik Van Wyk
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 178  first page: 340  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2025.01.007

8. Unraveling the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of an under-investigated species, Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf.
Ria Das, Sanjib Ray
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 165  first page: 394  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2023.12.037

9. Isolation and characterization of homoisoflavonoids from Scilla persica HAUSSKN
Salar Hafez-Ghoran, Pouneh Ebrahimi, Hossein Mighani, Soudabeh Saeidnia
Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences  vol: 51  issue: 4  first page: 949  year: 2015  
doi: 10.1590/S1984-82502015000400020

10. The effect of Senecio latifolius a plant used as a South African traditional medicine, on a human hepatoma cell line
V Steenkamp, M.J Stewart, S van der Merwe, M Zuckerman, N.J Crowther
Journal of Ethnopharmacology  vol: 78  issue: 1  first page: 51  year: 2001  
doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00321-X

11. Effect of cadmium uptake and accumulation on growth and antibacterial activity of Merwilla plumbea — An extensively used medicinal plant in South Africa
R.A. Street, M.G. Kulkarni, W.A. Stirk, C. Southway, H.S. Abdillahi, M. Chinsamy, J. Van Staden
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 75  issue: 3  first page: 611  year: 2009  
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2009.05.004

12. Crinum species in traditional and modern medicine
C.W Fennell, J van Staden
Journal of Ethnopharmacology  vol: 78  issue: 1  first page: 15  year: 2001  
doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00305-1

13. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by Bapedi healers to treat diabetes mellitus in the Limpopo Province, South Africa
S. Semenya, M. Potgieter, L. Erasmus
Journal of Ethnopharmacology  vol: 141  issue: 1  first page: 440  year: 2012  
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.008

14. Sex, drugs and pupusas: Disentangling relationships in Echiteae (Apocynaceae)
J. Francisco Morales, Mary E. Endress, Sigrid Liede-Schumann
TAXON  vol: 66  issue: 3  first page: 623  year: 2017  
doi: 10.12705/663.7

15. Antidepressant Effects of South African Plants: An Appraisal of Ethnobotanical Surveys, Ethnopharmacological and Phytochemical Studies
Melia Bokaeng Bonokwane, Makhotso Lekhooa, Madeleen Struwig, Adeyemi Oladapo Aremu
Frontiers in Pharmacology  vol: 13  year: 2022  
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.895286

16. Screening of Zulu medicinal plants for prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitors
Anna K. Jäger, Anne Hutchings, Johannes van Staden
Journal of Ethnopharmacology  vol: 52  issue: 2  first page: 95  year: 1996  
doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(96)01395-5

17. Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of the Flowers, Leaves and Stems of Two Senecio polyanthemoides Sch. Bip. Samples from South Africa
Lawal A. Oladipupo, Oyedeji O. Adebola
Molecules  vol: 14  issue: 6  first page: 2077  year: 2009  
doi: 10.3390/molecules14062077

18. An inventory and analysis of the medicinal plants of Mozambique
E. Sitoe, B.-E. Van Wyk
Journal of Ethnopharmacology  vol: 319  first page: 117137  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117137

19. A review of ethnobotanical research in southern Africa
B.-E. van Wyk, J. van Staden
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 68  issue: 1  first page: 1  year: 2002  
doi: 10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30433-6

20. Medicinal plant use in the Bredasdorp/Elim region of the Southern Overberg in the Western Cape Province of South Africa
T.S.A. Thring, F.M. Weitz
Journal of Ethnopharmacology  vol: 103  issue: 2  first page: 261  year: 2006  
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.013

21. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of medicinal plants traditionally used for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases
Tanyaradzwa Tiandra Dembetembe, Sunelle Rademan, Danielle Twilley, Gill Whittington Banda, Lulama Masinga, Namrita Lall, Quenton Kritzinger
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 154  first page: 300  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2023.01.042

22. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties of Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch. & C.A. Mey. (Hypoxidaceae) corm [‘African Potato’] aqueous extract in mice and rats
John A.O. Ojewole
Journal of Ethnopharmacology  vol: 103  issue: 1  first page: 126  year: 2006  
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.07.012

23. Medicinal plants used for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections by lay people in northern Maputaland, KwaZulu–Natal Province, South Africa
H. De Wet, V.N. Nzama, S.F. Van Vuuren
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 78  first page: 12  year: 2012  
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2011.04.002

24. Interactive efficacies of Elephantorrhiza elephantina and Pentanisia prunelloides extracts and isolated compounds against gastrointestinal bacteria
S. Mpofu, D. Tantoh Ndinteh, S.F. van Vuuren, D.K. Olivier, R.W.M. Krause
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 94  first page: 224  year: 2014  
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2014.07.002

25. The cosmetic potential of plants from the Eastern Cape Province traditionally used for skincare and beauty
V.S. Thibane, A.R. Ndhlala, H.A. Abdelgadir, J.F. Finnie, J. Van Staden
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 122  first page: 475  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.05.003

26. Phytochemical Profiling and Isolation of Bioactive Compounds from Leucosidea sericea (Rosaceae)
Tshifhiwa Ramabulana, Musawenkosi Ndlovu, Rebamang A. Mosa, Molahlehi S. Sonopo, Mamoalosi A. Selepe
ACS Omega  vol: 7  issue: 14  first page: 11964  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00096

27. Evaluation of Medicinal, Chemical and Pharmacological Properties of Hippobromus pauciflorus (L.f.) Radlk. (Sapindaceae Family)
Alfred Maroyi
Asian Journal of Plant Sciences  vol: 24  issue: 2  first page: 120  year: 2025  
doi: 10.3923/ajps.2025.120.127

28. The Utilization of Selected Threatened or Protected Plant Species; A Case of Limpopo Province, South Africa
Marula Rasethe, Martin Potgieter, Michèle Pfab
Sustainability  vol: 14  issue: 3  first page: 1073  year: 2022  
doi: 10.3390/su14031073

29. A review of the ethnobotany of the Basotho of Lesotho and the Free State Province of South Africa (South Sotho)
A. Moteetee, R.O. Moffett, L. Seleteng-Kose
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 122  first page: 21  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2017.12.012

30. An ethno-veterinary survey of medicinal plants used to treat bacterial diseases of livestock in three geographical areas of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
Mthi S., Rust J.M., Morgenthal T.L., Moyo B.
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research  vol: 12  issue: 18  first page: 240  year: 2018  
doi: 10.5897/JMPR2017.6444

31. Evaluation of the influence of green extraction solvents on the cytotoxic activities of Crinum (Amaryllidaeae) alkaloid extracts using in-vitro-in-silico approach
Eman Shawky, Sarah S. Takla, Hala M. Hammoda, Fikria A. Darwish
Journal of Ethnopharmacology  vol: 227  first page: 139  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.08.040

32. ETHNOBOTANICAL USES, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF Turraea floribunda: A REVIEW
Alfrad Maroyi
The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences  issue: 3  first page: 625  year: 2025  
doi: 10.36899/japs.2025.3.0053

33. Bark medicines used in traditional healthcare in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: An inventory
O.M. Grace, H.D.V. Prendergast, A.K. Jäger, J. van Staden, A.E. van Wyk
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 69  issue: 3  first page: 301  year: 2003  
doi: 10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30318-5

34. Medicinal plant value chain development in South Africa – A semicentennial appraisal and research trends
N.A. Masondo, T.L. Adetunji, M.M. Mofokeng, D. Naidoo-Maharaj, M.J. Koetle, C. Olisah, A.E. Adetunji, A.O. Aremu, S.O. Amoo
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 186  first page: 88  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2025.08.018

35. Antimicrobial Activity, Phenolic Content, and Cytotoxicity of Medicinal Plant Extracts Used for Treating Dermatological Diseases and Wound Healing in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Shanaz Ghuman, Bhekumthetho Ncube, Jeffrey F. Finnie, Lyndy J. McGaw, Roger M. Coopoosamy, Johannes Van Staden
Frontiers in Pharmacology  vol: 7  year: 2016  
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00320

36. Terminalia phanerophlebia Engl. & Diels: Evaluation of its medicinal uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties
Alfred Maroyi
Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries  vol: 17  issue: 2  first page: 290  year: 2025  
doi: 10.5958/0975-6892.2025.00029.5

37. Pharmacological and phytochemical screening of two Hyacinthaceae species: Scilla natalensis and Ledebouria ovatifolia
S.G Sparg, J van Staden, A.K Jäger
Journal of Ethnopharmacology  vol: 80  issue: 1  first page: 95  year: 2002  
doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00007-7

38. Micropropagation of members of the Hyacinthaceae with medicinal and ornamental potential - A review
S.A. McCartan, J. van Staden
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 65  issue: 5-6  first page: 361  year: 1999  
doi: 10.1016/S0254-6299(15)31023-1

39. The ethnopharmacological literature: An analysis of the scientific landscape
Andy Wai Kan Yeung, Michael Heinrich, Anake Kijjoa, Nikolay T. Tzvetkov, Atanas G. Atanasov
Journal of Ethnopharmacology  vol: 250  first page: 112414  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112414

40. COX-1 inhibitory activity in extracts from Eucomis L'Herit. species
J.L.S Taylor, J van Staden
Journal of Ethnopharmacology  vol: 75  issue: 2-3  first page: 257  year: 2001  
doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00205-7

41. South Africa’s Best BARK Medicines Prescribed at the Johannesburg Muthi Markets for Skin, Gut, and Lung Infections: MIC’s and Brine Shrimp Lethality
Gugulethu P. Khumalo, Nicholas J. Sadgrove, Sandy F. Van Vuuren, Ben-Erik Van Wyk
Antibiotics  vol: 10  issue: 6  first page: 681  year: 2021  
doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10060681

42. Antimicrobial and antimalarial activity of Cussonia species (Araliaceae)
B.J. De Villiers, S.F. Van Vuuren, R.L. Van Zyl, B.-E. Van Wyk
Journal of Ethnopharmacology  vol: 129  issue: 2  first page: 189  year: 2010  
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.02.014

43. Isihlambezo: Utilization patterns and potential health effects of pregnancy-related traditional herbal medicine
C.A. Varga, D.J.H. Veale
Social Science & Medicine  vol: 44  issue: 7  first page: 911  year: 1997  
doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00104-9

44. Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of the Family Amaryllidaceae: An Overview of Research at RCPGD
Esam E. Elgorashi
Natural Product Communications  vol: 14  issue: 9  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1177/1934578X19872929

45. Total Synthesis of the Antitumor–Antitubercular 2,6′-Bijuglone Natural Product Diospyrin and Its 3,6′-Isomer
Glenn A. Pullella, Daniel Vuong, Ernest Lacey, Matthew J. Piggott
Journal of Natural Products  vol: 83  issue: 12  first page: 3623  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00800

46. Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil from Felicia muricata Thunb. Leaves
A.O.T. Ashafa, D.S. Grierson, A.J. Afolayan
Journal of Biological Sciences  vol: 8  issue: 4  first page: 784  year: 2008  
doi: 10.3923/jbs.2008.784.788

47. Seasonal variation in antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of frequently used medicinal bulbous plants from South Africa
B. Ncube, J.F. Finnie, J. Van Staden
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 77  issue: 2  first page: 387  year: 2011  
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2010.10.004

48. Dark conditioning, cold stratification and a smoke-derived compound enhance the germination of Eucomis autumnalis subsp. autumnalis seeds
M.G. Kulkarni, S.G. Sparg, J. van Staden
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 72  issue: 1  first page: 157  year: 2006  
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2005.06.006

49. Alkaloid profiling and biological activity of compounds from Narcissus poeticus L. bulbs
Maël Gainche, Chloé Badoc, Marie Chastanet, Estelle Trouvé, Solenn Ferron, Pierre Chalard, Isabelle Ripoche, Elodie Jagu
Phytochemistry Letters  vol: 70  first page: 104047  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1016/j.phytol.2025.104047

50. Anticonvulsant activity of Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch. & C. A. Mey. (Hypoxidaceae) corm (‘African potato’) aqueous extract in mice
John A. O. Ojewole
Phytotherapy Research  vol: 22  issue: 1  first page: 91  year: 2008  
doi: 10.1002/ptr.2272

51. A review of ethnobotanical research in southern Africa
B.-E. van Wyk, J. van Staden
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 68  issue: 1  first page: 1  year: 2002  
doi: 10.1016/S0254-6299(16)30447-1

52. In vivo Studies on Antidiabetic Plants Used in South African Herbal Medicine
Anthony J. Afolayan, Taofik O. Sunmonu
Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition  vol: 47  issue: 2  first page: 98  year: 2010  
doi: 10.3164/jcbn.09-126R

53. Diagnostic characters and geographic distribution of Alepidea species used in traditional medicine
A. de Castro, B.-E. van Wyk
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 60  issue: 6  first page: 345  year: 1994  
doi: 10.1016/S0254-6299(16)30590-7

54. A taxonomic revision of Crabbea Harv. (Acanthaceae: Barlerieae) in South Africa
N.A.M. de Gouveia, M. Jackson, L. Joubert
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 156  first page: 115  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2023.02.033

55. Somatic embryogenesis of two indigenous South African Haworthia spp. (H. limifolia and H. koelmaniorum)
D.J. Mycock, M.P. Watt, K.F. Hannweg, K. Naicker, M. Makwarela, P. Berjak
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 63  issue: 6  first page: 345  year: 1997  
doi: 10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30784-5

56. Towards culturally inclusive healthcare in Peru: Mapping epistemic concepts in contemporary Indigenous Amazonian medicine—Traditional healers’ perspectives
Ilana Berlowitz, Maria Amalia Pesantes, Cynthia Cárdenas Palacios, Chantal Martin-Soelch, Ursula Wolf, Caroline Maake, Alex Joseph
PLOS Global Public Health  vol: 5  issue: 1  first page: e0003912  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003912

57. Mammal toxicity assessment of the plant molluscicide, Apodytes dimidiata (Icacinaceae), in South Africa
Therese D Brackenbury, C.C Appleton, G Thurman
Acta Tropica  vol: 65  issue: 3  first page: 155  year: 1997  
doi: 10.1016/S0001-706X(97)00660-8

58. Medicinal plants used for the treatment of diarrhoea in northern Maputaland, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa
H. de Wet, M.N. Nkwanyana, S.F. van Vuuren
Journal of Ethnopharmacology  vol: 130  issue: 2  first page: 284  year: 2010  
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.004

59. General applicability of in vitro storage technology to the conservation and maintenance of plant germplasm
D.J. Mycock, F.C. Blakeway, M.P. Watt, C.H. Bornman
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 70  issue: 1  first page: 31  year: 2004  
doi: 10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30265-9

60. Harnessing the medicinal properties of Cussonia barteri Seem. (Araliaceae) in drug development. A review
Ighodaro Igbe, Osaze Edosuyi, Agbonlahor Okhuarobo
Herba Polonica  vol: 64  issue: 3  first page: 50  year: 2018  
doi: 10.2478/hepo-2018-0018

61. Cape aloes—A review of the phytochemistry, pharmacology and commercialisation of Aloe ferox
Weiyang Chen, Ben-Erik Van Wyk, Ilze Vermaak, Alvaro M. Viljoen
Phytochemistry Letters  vol: 5  issue: 1  first page: 1  year: 2012  
doi: 10.1016/j.phytol.2011.09.001

62. Antidiarrhoeal activity ofHypoxis hemerocallideaFisch. & C. A. Mey. (Hypoxidaceae) Corm (‘African potato’) aqueous extract in rodents
John A. O. Ojewole, Emmanuel O. Awe, Agatha Nyinawumuntu
Phytotherapy Research  vol: 23  issue: 7  first page: 965  year: 2009  
doi: 10.1002/ptr.2732

63. Ethnobotanical survey, phytoconstituents and antibacterial investigation of Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez. bark, fruit and leaf extracts
Thabile Lukhele, Denise Olivier, Marthe C. D. Fotsing, Charlotte M. Tata, Monisola I. Ikhile, Rui W. M. Krause, Sandy Van Vuuren, Derek Tantoh Ndinteh
Physical Sciences Reviews  vol: 8  issue: 8  first page: 1019  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1515/psr-2020-0143

64. Indigenous-Amazonian Traditional Medicine’s Usage of the Tobacco Plant: A Transdisciplinary Ethnopsychological Mixed-Methods Case Study
Ilana Berlowitz, Ernesto García Torres, Caroline Maake, Ursula Wolf, Chantal Martin-Soelch
Plants  vol: 12  issue: 2  first page: 346  year: 2023  
doi: 10.3390/plants12020346

65. From ethnobotanical uses of Strychnos henningsii to antiinflammatories, analgesics and antispasmodics
Monique Tits, Jacques Damas, Joëlle Quetin-Leclercq, Luc Angenot
Journal of Ethnopharmacology  vol: 34  issue: 2-3  first page: 261  year: 1991  
doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(91)90045-F

66. Bark collecting at Tootabie Nature Reserve, eastern Cape, South Africa
G.D. La Cock, J.H. Briers
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 58  issue: 6  first page: 505  year: 1992  
doi: 10.1016/S0254-6299(16)30800-6

67. Traditional knowledge, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of the African genus Scadoxus (Amaryllidaceae)
Ria Das, Anuva Barman, Sanjib Ray
South African Journal of Botany  vol: 151  first page: 565  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2022.10.005

68. South African traditional herbal medicines used during pregnancy and childbirth
D.J.H. Veale, K.I. Furman, D.W. Oliver
Journal of Ethnopharmacology  vol: 36  issue: 3  first page: 185  year: 1992  
doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(92)90043-Q

69. Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts from Felicia muricata Thunb
A.O.T. Ashafa, D.S. Grierson, A.J. Afolayan
Journal of Biological Sciences  vol: 8  issue: 6  first page: 1062  year: 2008  
doi: 10.3923/jbs.2008.1062.1066

70. The Potential of Entomophagy and the use of the Stinkbug,Encosternum delegorgueiSpinola (Hemipera: Tessaratomidae), in sub-Saharan Africa
C.M. Dzerefos, E.T.F. Witkowski
African Entomology  vol: 22  issue: 3  first page: 461  year: 2014  
doi: 10.4001/003.022.0304